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Yavuz Sultan Selim
( 17.3.1470)- (1.4.1520)
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Osmanlı sultanlarının dokuzuncusu ve İslam halifelerinin yetmiş dördüncüsü.
Saltanatı: 1512-1520
Babası: II. Bayezid Han - Annesi: Aişe Hatun
Doğumu: 10 Ekim 1470 Vefatı: 22 Eylül 1520
Amasya'da doğdu. Küçük yaştan itibaren Kur'an-ı Kerim, tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh dersleri yanında yüksek fen ilimlerini de öğrendi. Çok çevik ve zeki olup ok atmak, güreş tutmak ve kılıç kullanmak hususunda maharet sahibiydi. Arabi ve Farisi'yi mükemmel bir şekilde konuşurdu. Babası II. Bayezid padişah olduktan sonra , askeri sevk ve idare ile devlet yöneticiliğini öğrenmesi için Trabzon'a vali tayin edildi.
Yavuz Sultan Selim Trabzon valisi iken, Şah İsmail'in (1502-1524) siyasi-dini faaliyetleri ile Osmanlı Devleti için çok büyük bir tehlike arzettiğini görüyor ve ona göre tedbirler düşünüyordu. Hatta zaman zaman bu devlet üzerine küçük çapta akınlar da yapıyordu. Nitekim, 24 Nisan 1512'de babasının yerine geçince de ilk seferini, Osmanlı Devleti'ni önce bölüp parçalama, sonra da yıkma emellerini güden Safeviler üzerine yaptı. İstanbul'da Eyüp ve diğer mübarek kabirleri ziyaret ederek zafer duaları yaptıktan sonra ordusuyla harekete geçen Selim Han günlerce yol aldıktan sonra nihayet 23 Ağustos 1514'de Çaldıran Ovası'nda Safevi ordusuyla karşılaştı. Yavuz ve ordusunun kudretiyle ateşli silahların üstünlüğü sayesinde Osmanlılar parlak bir zafer kazandı. İran ordusunun büyük bölümü imha edilirken bir çok Safevi kumandanı ile Şah İsmail'in zevcesi esir alındı. İran'ın baş şehri Tebriz'e giren Yavuz Sultan Selim Han, şehirdeki camileri tamir ettirdi ve halka huzur verdi.
Bu zafer ile Osmanlı hududu Fırat'tan Azerbeycan'a ve İran içlerine kadar uzadı. Yavuz Sultan Selim ikinci seferini Memlüklüler üzerine yaptı. Bu seferin asıl sebebi Memlüklülerin Osmanlı Devleti'nin kuvvetlenmesinden endişe ederek şii Şah İsmail ile ittifak içerisine girmesi idi. Şah İsmail'i bir darbede saf dışı bırakan Cihangir padişah bu defa da yıldırım sureti ile Mısır ordularını 24 Ağustos 1516'da Mercidabık ve 26 Mart 1517'de Ridaniye'de kazandığı zaferler ile perişan etti. Artık Memlük Devleti kalmamış, bütün Arap ülkeleri Osmanlı hakimiyetine girmişti. Bu durum üzerine Mekke ve Medine emiri mukaddes şehirlerin anahtarlarını "Hakimü'l Harameyn" ünvanı ile Yavuz Sultan Selim'e takdim etti. Ancak dindar padişah bu ünvanı "Hadimü'l Harameyn= Mekke ve Medine'nin hizmetçisi" şekline çevirirek aldı ve evlatlarına böyle miras bıraktı.
İki büyük seferin zaferle neticelenmesinden sonra bilhassa donanma faaliyetlerine hız veren Yavuz, devrin büyük alime Kemal-paşazade'ye niyetinin feth-i Efrenciye yani Avrupa olduğunu bildirmişti. Ancak yüce Hakan'ın Eyüp Türbesi'ni ziyaretle başladığı bu seferine yakalandığı amansız bir şirpence hastalığı mani oldu. Vefat etmeden önce musabihi Hasan Can kendisine Hakk'a teveccüh etmesini söyleyince "Bunca zamandan beri bizi kiminle biliyordun. Cenab-ı Hakk'a teveccühte bir kusur mu gördün?" buyurarak Yasin-i Şerif okunmasını istedi. Kendisi de okurken ruhunu teslim etti. Naşı kendi adı ile anılan camiin avlusundaki türbededir.
Osmanlı Devleti'nin topraklarını iki buçuk mislinden fazla genişletti. Babasından devraldığı 2,373,000 kilometrekarelik olan ülke toprakları onun zamanında 6,557,000 kilometrekareye çıktı.
Devlet işlerinde kesin niyet ve kati programla hareket eden Selim Han, herhangi bir devlet işini fiiliyata koymadan evvel muhtelif yollarla onun hakkında alim, vezir ve sair ilgililerin fikirlerinden istifade eder ve günlerce düşünür, nihayet son kararını verdikten sonra ondan dönmez ve bu kararın aleyhinde söz söyleyenleri en şiddetli şekilde cezalandırırdı. Muntazaman bir casus teşkilatı vardı. Bu sayede gerek memleket dışında ve gerek içeriden devamlı bilgi alırdı. Mühim işlerde bizzat tahkikat yapardı.
İhtişam ve debdebeye ehemmiyet vermez, sadeliği sever ve sade giyinirdi. Kendisi için fazla para sarfıyla köşk ve lüks şeyler yapılmasını istemezdi. Bir defasında oğlu Şehzade Süleyman çok süslü bir elbiseyle huzuruna girince; "Süleyman annen ne giysin?" (Başka bir rivayete göre "Anana giyecek birşey bırakmamışsın.") diyerek sitem etmişti. Hazinenin devamlı dolu olmasına dikkat ederdi.
Sultan Selim Han evliyaya rağbet eder onların sonbetlerine katılmayı bulunmaz bir nimet sayardı. Devamlı; "Padişah-ı alem olmak bir kuru kavga imiş - Bir veliye bende olmak cümleden ala imiş." buyururdu. Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Şam'da Salihiyye'de Muhiddin-i Arabi'ye yaptırdığı camii, imaret ve türbeden ve bir de Konya'da Mevlevi tekkesine getirdiği sudan başka bir hayır yapmasına vakti ve zamanı müsait olmamıştır. Hatta başlattığı camiinin bile yalnız temellerini attırabilmiş fakat tamamlayamamıştı.
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YAVUZ SULTAN SELIM
Yavuz Sultan Selim is one of the greatest Ottoman emperors. He was a great poet, strong commander and a high statesman. Yavuz Sultan Selim is the son of Beyazid the 2nd His other brothers are Korkut, Ahmet, Mahmut, Alim Şah, Şehinşah. His mother is Gulbahar Hatun.
Yavuz Selim was born in Amasya in 1467. His mother brought him up very well. He took lessons from Halim Çelebi, one of the greatest hodjas of his age. He had an intelligence and will stronger than and superior to his elder brothers. He had all qualifications of a great statesman. He was much interested in literature. He had two Divans, one in Turkish and one in Persian. This warrior who could behead his viziers without hesitation had so much a sensitive heart that he could cry saying:
Canımı ateş-i aşk istila etti bu sûzişte
Gözyaşımdan başka serpilecek su yoktur, when he fell in love.
He was a terrifying conquerro.
One day he said:
Land love is enough for me in the world.
When he got enthusiastic,
Selim is the Sultan of military love today
Ne hanlıkta mukayyeddir, ne de Hakana muhtaçtır.
And took the world map and saddened:
This world is not enough for a sultan!
Yavuz Selim was really a stouthearted person. He was stout-built, he had the looks of a falcon and curved mustache. He was a charming man. He shaved his beard and wore one earring. He liked wearing simple clothes and eating simple food. He did not like adorning himself out. One day, his wife Hafize Ayşe Sultan made his son Suleyman wear an embellished cloth. Yavuz Selim, seeing his son in embellishment said: What will women wear if you are so much embellished? He was very tough indeed. He would never forgive a vizier when he saw mistaken, and beheaded immediately. The people called him Yavuz because of his heroism and toughness.
His father Beyazid the 2nd appointed him as governor to Trabzon. He was both writing poems and being engaged in state affairs at the same time; he had a craft too. In Trabzon, his son named Suleyman was born. Yavuz Selim was thoroughly examining the situation of the country when he was a governor in Trabzon. The Shiite forces from Iran were making raids on Anatolia. He was so much saddened with that. Since his father was quite old, the perfect victories of Fatih period could not be seen. There were no great viziers to govern the country too. Yavuz Selim, depressed of this situation, wrote as follows to his father: "It is doubtless that it is not easy to accomplish state works. In my opinion, it is not appropriate for our purposes to have people who are statesmen at some positions. Maybe their loyalty may be taken advantage of. There are several people in all places of our country known for their knowledge and moral values. I tested some of your servants here for a long time. I saw that they are skillful. If they are grown, we can take advantage of them. Therefore, I dare to introduce them."
He was considering knowledge and morals as the most superior qualifications. His father was not able to govern the state well enough now. Some scholars in Istanbul attempted to enthrone Prince Ahmet. Yavuz Selim, having heard of that, passed to Rumelia and fought his father's forces. At last he acceded to the throne with his own power as the ninth sultan in 1512.
Yavuz Selim tried to realize two policies when he became the sultan. First was the eastern policy, elimination of Shiite Safevi State in Iran, and opening a gate to Middle Asia. The second was to conquer Egypt and possessing Indian Trade ways. He also wanted to become the Caliph of three hundred million Muslims taking Caliphate from the Arabs. He was strong enough to fulfil his desires. His army loved him. He had the power to command great forces.
When Yavuz Selim acceded to the throne, Shah Ismail in Safevid throne was very active. He used to make raids on Anatolia. Yavuz decided to teach a lesson to Shiites in Iran. He established a divan in Edirne and prepared. His army departed from Edirne on 19 March 1514, and crossed to Anatolian side. Immediately Sinan Pasha, the Anatolian General Governor, attended th earmy. Grand Vizier Dukakinzade Ahmet Pasha pioneered. The number of all forces was 180.000 people.
When the army came near Erzincan, Yavuz Selim wrote a letter to Shah Ismail and said: "You caused instigation, you swore Islam personages. The punishment of this is being killed, so I am coming. Immediately return the Ottoman countries you occupied". Shah Ismail wrote a letter in response too. He sent a bowl full of opium as a curse. And Yavuz sent to him a cloak, a stick, and a conical hat. Since the way was long, the soldiers were suffering both difficulties and trouble of provisions. Hemdem Pasha, who told about this situation to Yavuz, was executed immediately. But the soldiers showed the signs of rebel. The Janissaries surrounded the tent of Yavuz with their split-soled rawhide sandals at the tip of their spears. They shot a bullet to the tent and shouted altogether: We do not want! We do not want! Yavuz rushed out of the tent seeing the situation, and mounted on his horse staring at his soldiers, and delivered a fiery speech to them: "O you cowards with soldier clothes, if there are ones of you who prefer the embraces of their children and wives to war, turn back!... I did not come here to turn back. I said when I was enthroned that we would suffer such troubles. So why do not you obey? If you are not going to war, I will go myself!...
The soldiers got excited on this speech, and went on. The army arrived at Çaldıran Plain on 22 August 1514. Yavuz sent a woman dress to Shah Ismail. Iran army consisted of 120.000 people. In a short time, conflicts started in Çaldıran Plain. At last, Shah Ismail army was routed. He escaped from the battlefield. The victorious Turkish army entered Tebriz. Famous pearly throne of Shah Ismail became Turks'. The biggest but second war by Yavuz is "Ehramlar Victory". He fought this war against Cansu Gavri, Toman Bey, the ruler of Egypt Kolemens. Yavuz's forces met Egyptian Kolemens on 24 August 1516 in Mercidabık. He routed these forces and conquered Syria. Then Yavuz conquered Palestine with Gazze expedition and crossed Sinai desert and went to Cairo. He routed the forces of Toman bey in the vicinity of Ehramlar on 22 January1517. Egyptian country became Turkish territory. In this war, Kolemens killed Sinan Pasha, thinking that he was Yavuz Selim. Yavuz Selim, having heard that, said: Unfortunately. We conquered Egypt but lost Sinan!... Mutevekkil Alallah, the last Abbasi Caliph, delivered Caliphate to Yavuz Selim with holy trusts. After that, all Ottoman sultans became the caliph of all Muslims at the same time.
Yavuz Selim fell in water while he was walking around Nile river, but they saved him immediately. He asked how the soldiers were to Ibn-i Kemal, the great Turkish scientist who was always with him. He said that the soldiers were singing the following folk song in their tents:
Nemiz kaldı bizim mülk-i Arabda
Nice biz dururuz Şam ü Haleb'de
Cihan halkı kamu iş-ü tarâbda
Gidelim biz dahi Rum illerine... Then Yavuz said:
Go tell Vizier! The army is departing tomorrow! Yavuz Selim departed after seven months and three days of staying in Egypt. He took 1000 camel load of gold and silver coins from Egypt and turned back to Istanbul. On the way, a piece of mud spread from the İbn-i Kemal's horse's leg touched the caftan Yavuz wore. Ibn-i Kemal went pale.
But Yavuz Selim said:
Take this robe, keep it in my treasury. We respect the mud spread from the leg of scholar horse. After Yavuz Selim appointed Pir Mehmet Pasha as his grand vizier, departed to launch an expedition against Hungary with his army. But he got sick in Sirt village between Çorlu and Uğraş sub-district. The boil on his back had grown. When he got worse, he took Koran in one hand, and left his earthly life in 1520 in his 53 reciting Yasin sura.
When his nine-year sultanate life full of victories ended, the world history had lost one of its greatest rulers.
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